The number of available network and host addresses are derived from the number of bits used for subnet masking. CIDR notation is a compact representation of an IP address and its associated routing prefix.
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A broadcast address is a logical address at which all devices connected to a multiple-access communications network are enabled to receive datagrams.
A message sent to a broadcast address is typically received by all network-attached hosts, rather than by a specific host
For example A /24 network may be divided into the following subnets by increasing the subnet mask successively by one bit. This affects the total number of hosts that can be addressed in the /24 network
Prefix size | Subnet mask | Available subnets |
Usable hosts per subnet |
Total usable hosts |
---|---|---|---|---|
/24 | 255.255.255.0 |
1 | 254 | 254 |
/25 | 255.255.255.128 |
2 | 126 | 252 |
/26 | 255.255.255.192 |
4 | 62 | 248 |
/27 | 255.255.255.224 |
8 | 30 | 240 |
/28 | 255.255.255.240 |
16 | 14 | 224 |
/29 | 255.255.255.248 |
32 | 6 | 192 |
/30 | 255.255.255.252 |
64 | 2 | 128 |
/31 | 255.255.255.254 |
128 | 2 * |
The following special addresses and networks exist in IPv4:
0.0.0.0 | the "ANY" address that is used by programs to speak to all network interfaces, it is never used directly. The whole network 0.*.*.* is reserved for special purposes (like DHCP). |
10.*.*.* 172.16.*.* - 172.31.*.* 192.168.*.* |
RFC Definend private address |
127.0.0.1 | is the localhost address The entire 127.*.*.* network is reserved for (host-)local networking. |
169.254.*.* | Link-Local addresses. These are automatically generated by some operating systems and (e.g. MacOS and Linux with Avahi installed) and are only usable for local communication in the LAN segment. |
198.18.*.* - 198.19.*.* | Network benchmark tests, this should never be used in production networks. |
198.51.100.* 203.0.113.* |
TEST-NET-2, Documentation and examples TEST-NET-3, Documentation and examples |
224.*.*.* | Multicasts (former Class D network) - e.g. there is no default gateway or broadcast for multicasting |
240.0.0.0/4 | Reserved (former Class E network) |
255.255.255.255 | Link Broadcast - this is sent to all hosts on the same network link, but does not cross routers |