Fluid statics (hydrostatics) studies fluids at rest. Pressure increases with depth due to weight of fluid above. Buoyant force equals weight of displaced fluid (Archimedes' principle). Pascal's law: pressure is transmitted undiminished in confined fluids.
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Pressure, buoyancy, Archimedes, Pascal
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| Concept | Formula | Notes / Units / Conditions |
|---|---|---|
| Pressure definition | P = F / A | Pascal (Pa = N/m²) |
| Hydrostatic pressure | P = P₀ + ρ g h | Pressure increases with depth |
| Pressure difference | ΔP = ρ g Δh | Independent of shape of container |
| Archimedes' Principle | F_b = ρ_fluid V_sub g | Upthrust = weight of displaced fluid |
| Apparent weight in fluid | W_app = mg − ρ_fluid V g | V = volume of object |
| Condition for floating | ρ_object ≤ ρ_fluid | Weight = buoyant force |
| Pascal's Law | F₂ / F₁ = A₂ / A₁ | Hydraulic lift |
| Density by U-tube | ρ₂ / ρ₁ = h₁ / h₂ | Manometer / U-tube manometer |
About Fluid Statics
Fluid statics (hydrostatics) studies fluids at rest. Pressure is force per unit area. Pressure increases with depth due to the weight of fluid above.
Pressure and Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure (P) = Force per unit area = F/A. Units: Pascal (Pa = N/m²).
Hydrostatic pressure P = P₀ + ρgh, where P₀ is atmospheric pressure, ρ is fluid density, g = 9.8 m/s², and h is depth. Pressure increases linearly with depth, independent of container shape.
Archimedes' Principle
Buoyant force F_b = ρ_fluid V_sub g, where V_sub is volume of fluid displaced. The buoyant force equals the weight of displaced fluid. Objects float if ρ_object ≤ ρ_fluid.
Pascal's Law
Pascal's law: Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions. Hydraulic lift: F₂/F₁ = A₂/A₁. Small force on small area creates large force on large area.
Apparent Weight
Apparent weight W_app = mg − F_b = mg − ρ_fluid V g. Weight appears reduced in fluid due to buoyant force. If ρ_object < ρ_fluid, object floats; if ρ_object > ρ_fluid, object sinks.