⚙️ Specific Energy Conversion Formulas

Common devices & processes: battery, motor, generator, hydroelectric, combustion, nuclear, solar, LED

E = nFE° P = τω E = ½mv² E = Δmc²
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💡 Energy conversions

Energy can be converted between forms: chemical→electrical (batteries), electrical→mechanical (motors), mechanical→electrical (generators), gravitational→electrical (hydroelectric), chemical→thermal (combustion), nuclear→thermal (E=mc²), light→electrical (solar), electrical→light (LEDs).

Conversion calculators

Battery, motor, generator, hydro, combustion, nuclear, solar, LED

Moles of electrons (n)
mol
Cell potential (E°)
Battery energy
289.5 kJ
Torque (τ)
Angular speed (ω)
Motor power
1.0 kW
Mass (m)
Speed (v)
Kinetic energy
50 kJ
Mass (m)
Height (h)
Gravitational PE
980 kJ
Enthalpy change (ΔH)
Moles (n)
mol
Heat released
286 kJ
Mass defect (Δm)
Nuclear energy
89.9 TJ
Power output (P_out)
Power input (P_in)
Solar efficiency
10.0%
Electrical power (P_elec)
Luminous efficacy (lm/W)
lm/W
Luminous flux
1000 lm

⚙️ Conversion visualization

🧮Step-by-Step Solution▼ Show
Conversion Type Key Formula(s) Example / Device
Chemical → Electrical E = n F E° Battery (simplified)
Electrical → Mechanical P = τ ω Electric motor (torque × angular speed)
Mechanical → Electrical E = ½ m v² → electrical Hydroelectric / wind turbine
Gravitational PE → Kinetic → Electrical m g h → ½ m v² → electrical energy Falling water in dam
Chemical → Thermal Q = ΔH Combustion / burning fuel
Nuclear → Thermal E = Δm c² Mass defect in fission/fusion
Light → Electrical Efficiency η = P_out / P_in Solar cell / photovoltaic
Electrical → Light P = luminous efficacy × electrical power LED / bulb (very approximate)

About energy conversions

Energy conversions occur in everyday devices. Batteries convert chemical energy to electrical (E = n F E°). Motors convert electrical to mechanical (P = τ ω). Generators do the reverse, converting mechanical (KE = ½mv²) to electrical.

Renewable energy

Hydroelectric systems convert gravitational PE (mgh) to kinetic energy (½mv²), then to electrical. Wind turbines similarly convert wind KE to electrical energy.

Nuclear and solar

Nuclear reactions convert mass to energy via E = Δm c². Solar cells convert light to electrical with efficiency η = P_out / P_in. LEDs convert electrical power to light with luminous efficacy (lm/W).