Electrostatics – Fields, Potential & Capacitors

Coulomb’s law, electric field and potential, Gauss’s law shortcuts, and capacitor formulas

F = k q₁q₂/r² E = kq/r², V = kq/r ∮E·dA = Q/ε₀ C = ε₀A/d
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💡 Electrostatics at a glance

Charges interact via Coulomb’s law F = k q₁ q₂ / r², producing an electric field E (vector, N/C) and potential V (scalar, J/C). Superposition lets you sum contributions from multiple charges or continuous distributions. Gauss’s law ∮ E·dA = Q_enclosed / ε₀ simplifies symmetric cases. Capacitors store energy with U = ½ C V² and effective capacitance depends on geometry and series/parallel combinations.

Electrostatics calculators

Point charges, continuous fields, potentials, and capacitors

Two point charges (q₁, q₂) and separation r
F = —, E at q₂ due to q₁ = —
Uses F = k q₁ q₂ / r² and E = k q / r² with k ≈ 9 × 10⁹ N·m²/C².
Choose configuration and parameters
Charge parameters
E = —
Uses E(∞ line) = λ/(2πε₀ r), E(sheet) = σ/(2ε₀), E(between sheets) = σ/ε₀, E(sphere) as in Gauss’s law.
Point charge potential (q, r)
Potential energy U = qV
V = —, U = —
Uses V = kq/r with V(∞) = 0 and U = qV.
Parallel plate capacitor (A, d, κ, V)
C = —, U = —
Uses C = κ ε₀ A / d and U = ½ C V².

📈 Electrostatics graph

🧮Step-by-Step Solution▼ Show

Basic electrostatics constants & quantities

Quantity Symbol / Value SI unit Notes
Electric charge q, Q; e = 1.602×10⁻¹⁹ C C Charge is quantized in multiples of e
Coulomb’s constant k = 1/(4πε₀) ≈ 9×10⁹ N·m²/C² Often use k ≈ 9×10⁹ N·m²/C²
Permittivity of free space ε₀ = 8.854×10⁻¹² F/m Relates E, D fields; k = 1/(4πε₀)
Electric field E N/C or V/m Vector; E = F/q (test charge)
Electric potential V V (J/C) Scalar; work per unit charge

Fields, Gauss’s law, potential & capacitors

Concept Formula Notes
Coulomb’s law (magnitude) F = k q₁ q₂ / r² Along the line joining charges
Electric field (point charge) E = k q / r² Direction: away from +q, toward −q
Superposition E_total = ΣEᵢ, V_total = ΣVᵢ Vector sum for E, scalar sum for V
Gauss’s law ∮ E·dA = Q_enclosed / ε₀ Use high symmetry: sphere, cylinder, plane
Infinite line charge E = λ / (2πε₀ r) r = perpendicular distance
Infinite sheet E = σ / (2ε₀) Uniform sheet; independent of distance
Two sheets (±σ) E_between = σ / ε₀ Field doubles between, cancels outside
Sphere (outside) E = kQ/r², V = kQ/r Acts like point charge at center
Solid sphere (inside) E = kQr/R³ Uniform volume charge
Potential energy of two charges U = k q₁ q₂ / r Positive for like charges (repulsive)
Capacitance (parallel plate) C = ε₀ A / d, with dielectric C = κ ε₀ A / d κ > 1 for dielectric
Energy stored in capacitor U = ½ C V² = ½ QV = ½ Q² / C Energy density u = ½ ε₀ E² (vacuum)
Series capacitors 1/C_eq = Σ (1/Cᵢ) Same charge, voltages add
Parallel capacitors C_eq = ΣCᵢ Same voltage, charges add

About this electrostatics tool

This page groups the main school/JEE/NEET electrostatics formulas in one place: force between point charges, electric field and potential, Gauss’s law shortcuts for symmetric distributions, and capacitor formulas including dielectrics and series/parallel combinations. Each calculator is paired with step-by-step reasoning so you can see which formula is used and how the numbers are substituted.